From: <Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 7>
Subject: THERAC-25
Date: Fri, 25 May 2007 11:38:54 +0530
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/related;
	type="text/html";
	boundary="----=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540"
X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

------=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/www_uguelph_ca_~tgallagh_~tgallagh.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>THERAC-25</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Dwindows-1252">
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16414" name=3DGENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY text=3D#000000 vLink=3D#551a8b aLink=3D#ff0000 link=3D#0000ff =
bgColor=3D#ffffff>
<H1 align=3Dcenter><STRONG><FONT color=3D#800080><FONT=20
size=3D+3>THERAC-25</FONT></FONT></STRONG></H1>
<H2 align=3Dcenter>Computerized Radiation Therapy </H2>
<H5 align=3Dcenter></H5>
<H5 align=3Dcenter>Report by:</H5>
<H5 align=3Dcenter>TROY GALLAGHER</H5>
<P align=3Dcenter>
<HR>

<H2><U>Introduction:</U></H2>
<H4>The use of computers in the medical field is becoming more and more =
widely=20
used. Computers are obviously very beneficial in the medical field. =
However, in=20
the case of Therac-25, they can be <STRONG>deadly</STRONG>.</H4>
<H2><TT></TT><STRONG><U>The History</U></STRONG><TT></TT>:</H2>
<H4>Therac-25 was used in the treatment of cancer. Its purpose was to =
provide=20
radiation to a specific part of the body and hopefully kill the =
malignant tumor.=20
The Therac-25 was the third system created under the Therac name by the =
Atomic=20
Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). The AECL is most famous in Canada for =
their=20
creation of the CANDU reactors which are world renowned. A Therac-6 and=20
Therac-20 were both used in the treatment of cancer. The number that =
goes along=20
with the word Therac stands for the maximum amount of mega electron =
volts (MeV)=20
the machine can dispense. It was believed that the new Therac-25 was =
much more=20
efficient than Therac-6 and Therac-20. The overall size of the machine =
was=20
reduced and still allowed for two modes; photon mode and electron mode. =
A=20
tungsten shield was in place for the X-ray mode and removed for the =
electron=20
mode as illustrated below:</H4>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D256=20
src=3D"http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/Human=
ErrorTalk6.gif"=20
width=3D393 align=3Dbottom>=20
<P align=3Dcenter>Ref.(4)=20
<H4>Each mode was used in treating cancer depending on the depth of the =
tumor=20
under the skin. </H4>
<H4>The software for the Therac-25 system was created by one programmer =
who=20
revised the Therac-6 systems code. The software was basically =
responsible=20
for:</H4>
<UL>
  <LI>monitoring the machine=20
  <LI>accepting the input for the treatment </LI></UL>
<UL>
  <LI>setting up the machine to administer this treatment=20
  <LI>and finally controlling the machine to carry out the treatment =
</LI></UL>
<H4>The diagram below briefly illustrates the set up of the machine. It =
begins=20
with the computer that the software is on for the technician to use. =
This is=20
sent to another minicomputer called the PDP-11. Finally the radiation =
machine=20
receives the commands and treats the patient.</H4>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D371=20
src=3D"http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/Thera=
c-3.GIF"=20
width=3D494 align=3Dbottom>=20
<P align=3Dcenter>Ref(3)=20
<H4>The machine itself is enclosed in a radiation treatment room in =
order to=20
prevent exposure to the technicians working nearby. The patient has =
audio and=20
visual equipment, allowing communication with the technicians. A diagram =
of the=20
general layout of the Therac-25 is shown below:</H4>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D247=20
src=3D"http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/Figur=
e_1.gif"=20
width=3D338 align=3Dbottom>=20
<H5 align=3Dcenter>Ref(5)<U></U></H5>
<H2><U>The Accidents:</U></H2>
<H4>The Therac-25 treatment system was first started in 1976 but was =
generally a=20
piece of machinery. The software controlled system came online in 1982. =
The=20
first incident occurred in 1985 and five more happened within 19 months =
of the=20
original. After the fifth the Federal Drug Administration recalled =
Therac-25=20
until it was "fixed". Unfortunately the sixth incident occurred before =
the=20
changes had been made.</H4>
<H4>The first incident involved a 61 year old women from Marietta, Ga. =
who was=20
receiving follow-up treatment after a tumor had been removed from her =
breast.=20
Therac-25 administered a very large overdose of radiation and =
essentially burnt=20
her. The hospital and technician denied any wrong doing and in fact =
continued to=20
send her for treatments. She had to have both breast removed and lost =
total use=20
of her right arm because of the radiation overdose.</H4>
<H4>A 2<SUP>nd</SUP> incident occurred closer to home when a 40 year old =
women=20
was receiving her 24<SUP>th</SUP> Therac-25 treatment at the Ontario =
Cancer=20
Foundation in Hamilton. The machine stopped 5 seconds into the treatment =
with an=20
error. The technician seeing that "No Dose" had been administered =
(according to=20
the computer) hit the 'P' key thus proceeding with the dose. This was =
done a=20
total of 5 times giving the patient 13 000 - 17 000 rads. To give an =
idea of how=20
much of an overdose this is; a regular treatment is around 200 rads and =
1000=20
rads of radiation to the entire body can be fatal. The patient died 3 =
months=20
after the overdose from the original cancer, but if she had lived an =
entire hip=20
replacement would have been necessary due to the damage done by the =
overdose.=20
</H4>
<H4>The 3rd case occurred in Yakima, WA. This patient received radiation =
burns=20
but many years later has fully recovered from the damages.</H4>
<H4>One of the most severe cases was the 4<SUP>th</SUP> in Tyler, TX. A =
male=20
required radiation treatment on his back. The machine was set to X-ray =
mode=20
instead of Electron mode so the technician just used the "cursor up" key =
up and=20
quickly changed this mistake. However, this only made things worse as a =
software=20
bug had been mistakenly stumbled upon. While administering the first =
treatment=20
an error "Malfunction 54" flashed up telling the technician an underdose =
had=20
been administered. The technician hit the 'P' key and a 2nd dose was =
delivered.=20
The patient had been given an overdose after the first treatment, and he =
knew=20
something was wrong, due to the burning sensation he felt in his back. =
As he=20
attempted to get up the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> dose was administered. The =
technician=20
would have known the man was in pain if the audio and visual equipment =
was=20
working. This was just something else that was wrong with the Therac-25=20
treatment system at this particular hospital. This man within weeks, =
lost the=20
use of both legs and his left arm. Five months later he became the first =

fatality directly related to the Therac-25 system.</H4>
<H4>A month later at the same hospital, with the same technician another =
fatal=20
dosage was given. The technician made the same error of quickly changing =
the=20
mode from X-ray mode to Electron mode using the 'cursor up' key. This =
again=20
caused "Malfunction 54". The patient this time was receiving treatment =
on his=20
face. When the overdose was administered he yelled and then began to =
moan. The=20
audio equipment was working this time but the initial dose was too much =
for the=20
man. He received severe neurological damage, fell into a coma and died =
only 3=20
weeks later. </H4>
<H4>The 6<SUP>th</SUP> and last incident occurred in January of 1987 in =
Yakima,=20
WA. The patient required only a small dose and according to the machine =
that is=20
all he received. Yet again when the treatment was underway and error =
paused the=20
machine and the technician hit the 'P' key to proceed. A overdose was=20
administered and the man died just 3 months later. </H4>Reference:1,2,5=20
<H2></H2>
<H2><U>The Reactions:</U></H2>
<H4>After each overdose the creators of Therac-25 were contacted. After =
the=20
first incident the AECL responses was simple, "After careful =
consideration, we=20
are of the opinion that this damage could not have been produced by any=20
malfunction of the Therac-25 or by any operator error (Leveson, 1993)." =
</H4>
<H4>After the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> incident the AECL sent a service technician =
to the=20
Therac-25 machine, he was unable to recreate the malfunction and =
therefore=20
conclude nothing was wrong with the software. Some minor adjustments to =
the=20
hardware were changed but the main problems still remained. </H4>
<H4>It was not until the fifth incident that any formal action was taken =
by the=20
AECL. However it was a physicist at the hospital where the =
4<SUP>th</SUP> and=20
5th incident took place in Tyler, Texas who actually was able to =
reproduce the=20
mysterious "malfunction 54". The AECL finally took action and made a =
variety of=20
changes in the software of the Therac-25 radiation treatment system. The =
machine=20
itself is still in use today.</H4>
<H5>Reference:1</H5>
<H2><U></U></H2>
<H2><U>The Blame</U>:</H2>
<H4>The general consensus is that the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited is =
to=20
blame. There was only <EM><STRONG>one</STRONG></EM> person programming =
the code=20
for this system and he largely did all the testing. The machine was =
tested for=20
only 2700 hours of use, but for code which controls such a critical =
machine,=20
many more hours should have been put in to the testing phase. Also =
Therac-25 was=20
tested as a whole machine rather then in separate modules. Testing in =
separate=20
modules would have discovered many of the bugs. Also, if the AECL =
believed that=20
there were problems with the Therac-25 right after the first incident =
then it is=20
possible that most of the 5 other incidents could have been avoided and =
possibly=20
the 3 fatalities. </H4>
<H5>Reference:1,5</H5>
<H2><U></U></H2>
<H2><U>Conclusion:</U></H2>
<H4>The Therac-25 is one of the most devastating computer related =
engineering=20
disasters to date. The machine was designed to help people and largely, =
it did.=20
Yet some sloppy engineering on the part of the AECL led to the death or =
serious=20
injury of six people. These incidents could have been avoided if the =
AECL=20
reacted instead of denying responsiblity.</H4>
<H2><U>References:</U></H2>
<H4>1. Death and Denial, The Failure of the Therac-25=20
(http://cobra.csc.calpoly.edu/~dbutler/papers/THERAC25.html)</H4>
<H4>2. The Downfall of the Therac-25=20
(http://net.cs.utexas.edu/users/dianelaw/cs378/therac.htm)</H4>
<H4>3. The Therac-25 Incident=20
(http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/Therac_25/TheracClass.html)</H4>
<H4>4. Human Error in Medicine=20
(http://www.smi.stanford.edu/people/felciano/research/humanerror/humanerr=
ortalk.html)</H4>
<H4>5. An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accidents (part 1-5)=20
(http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/Therac_25/Therac_1.html)</H4></BODY></HT=
ML>

------=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/HumanErrorTalk6.gif
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------=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/Therac-3.GIF
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------=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://neptune.netcomp.monash.edu.au/cpe9001/assets/readings/Figure_1.gif
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------=_NextPart_000_00A8_01C79EC1.46127540--
